所谓形合(hypotactic),是指句子中的成分依靠语言的形式连接起来,以表示语法意义和逻辑关系。英文解释为“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. For example, I shall despair if you don't come."
所谓意合,是指句子的语法意义和逻辑关系是通过词语的成分的涵义来表达的。英文解释为“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.”例如,下雨了,涨水了,房屋被冲走了。
All was cleared up sometime later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.
(过了些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。)
When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.
(为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二,且两者之间有主次之分。)
(2)介词
英语中的介词有近300个,是最活跃的词类之一。其中,包括简单介词(如with,to,in,of,about,between,through等),合成介词(如inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout等),和成语介词(according to,along with,on behalf,with regard to,apart from,in front of等)。
可以说,英语中造句几乎离不开介词,而汉语则不然。这是在英汉互译中必须时刻意识到的敏感问题。例如:
He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. (他有一个令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。)
This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with the Chief Executive in the chair.(这是一次精心组织起来的会议;会议厅里济济一堂,主持会议的是特首。)
Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current.(电流可以把动力传送到很远的地方,其消耗几乎可以忽略不计。)
(3)其他连接方式
包括动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化,语法一致性以及形式主语的使用等。
例如:
While the exact nature of electricity is unknown, a great deal is known about what it can do.(虽然电的确切性质目前尚不清楚,但关于其用途却了解了很多。)
We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side—not just in a passive way but as active friends.(我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人们应该共处,不仅仅是消极共处,而是要积极地友好相处,这是正确而必要的。)
The visit gives us the opportunity that I have long sought, to see for ourselves the achievements of Macao people since the liberalization of the gaming industry.(这次访问使我们有机会亲眼看看澳门人自赌权开放后所取得的成就,这是我们向往已久的。)
语篇对应
任何翻译最后都要达到语篇的层次,而语篇的处理又离不开语义的处理;语义则取决于上下文的语境。
例如:
Certainly I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.
By very careful control of the dosage of light energy in the flash of a laser beam the surgeon can perform operations on the human eye which are much more difficult to do than by other means, for example, in the case of damage to the retina.