|
部分发言人发言摘要
本文作者: 21ST
协同研究与外语教学 王初明 中国第二语言习得研究专业委员会主任、广东外语外贸大学教授 外语教学领域常常遇到一些容易引发争议的问题,如语法要不要教,语误要不要改,考试要不要考。这些问题多半不是“要或不要”的问题,而是怎样教、怎样改、怎样考的问题。要解决“怎样做”的问题,关键在于弄清楚学生“怎样学”。在“学”的问题上,当今二语习得和心理语言学研究取得了一些突破性的进展,对我们深入认识外语学习过程有重要启示,但开发这些研究成果在教学领域里的应用价值却显得滞后。 近年来引起二语习得研究者关注并正在深入探讨的“协同”(alignment)理念便是我们外语教师不能忽略的一项重要研究成果。“协同”是指人们在人际互动活动中,对话双方在情感、认知、语言等方面表现出来的相互趋同倾向。趋同现象对我们重新认识“外语学习”的定义,对我们有针对性地开展外语教学、提高学习和教学效率、回答“怎样做”的问题,有十分重要的理论意义和应用价值。 本文将简介协同研究进展,借以阐释外语学习的机理,进而针对我国怎样开展外语教学、改进外语学习,提供一些思路。 Changing Perspectives on Universal Grammar and Crosslinguistic Variation in L2 Acquisition Lydia White professor of McGill University In this paper, I will discuss developments in how generative second language acquisition research has approached the issues of Universal Grammar (UG), crosslinguistic variation and parameter resetting. I will show that there have been changes in how crosslinguistic variation is accounted for, leading to changes in claims about effects of the mother tongue in L2 acquisition. In the 1980s, research centred on the availability of principles of UG to adult learners, as well as the question of whether or not parameters of UG can be reset. In the 1990s, focus narrowed to a consideration of grammatical features (such as tense, agreement, number, gender, etc.), particularly the question of whether new features can be acquired. More recently, there has been yet another shift, current emphasis being on interfaces between the linguistic system and grammar external components (e.g. syntax/discourse), or between different modules of grammar (syntax/morphology; morphology/phonology; syntax/semantics; etc.). These changes in focus have led to revisions in how researchers account for successes and failures in L2 acquisition. Attention, Awareness, ‘Noticing’ and Foreign Language Learning Richard Schmidt professor of The University of Hawaii at Manoa The Noticing Hypothesis—the idea that SLA is largely driven by what learners pay attention to and notice in target language input (Schmidt 2001)—has been around for approximately two decades now, and continues to generate suggestions for language pedagogy, experimental studies of learning that are reported in journals and at conferences, and controversy. In this presentation, I will review the evidence that led to formulation of the Noticing Hypothesis, and discuss its connections to several related hypotheses, including Stephen Krashen’s Comprehensible Input Hypothesis, Michael H. Long’s Interactionist Hypothesis, Merrill Swain’s Pushed Output Hypothesis, and Lyster and Ranta’s Counterbalance Hypothesis. Following a review of the empirical evidence for and against the Noticing Hypothesis, as well as the major objections that have been raised against it from a variety of linguistic, psychological, sociocultural, and philosophical perspectives, I will summarize what we know now and what we don’t know, presenting an agenda for future research. I will conclude by presenting some practical implications that can be derived from the Noticing Hypothesis that may be helpful to both language learners and language teachers. Towards a Construction-Based View of SLA 丁言仁 南京大学外国语学院教授 The view of language as both analytic and formulaic has been put forward in opposition to the view of language as unitarily analytic. This presentation questions this dual-mode view for its weaknesses in explaining the ontogenetic development of these two modes and in separating these two modes in research. Proposed in its place is a construction-based view of language, seeing language as being made up of constructions of various levels of abstraction, from formulaic sequences to abstract patterns. This view, it is argued, provides better explanations for the development of the knowledge of abstract patterns and for overcorrections frequently found in learner performance. Pedagogically, this view calls on learners to pay close attention not only to formulaic sequences and grammar rules, but also to patterns that lie in between. Current Developments in Corpus-based Research of SLA in China 王立非 对外经济贸易大学英语学院教授 This paper gives an overview of the current developments in corpus-based studies of SLA in China in four parts. First, it describes the theories of learner corpus studies as an important contribution of a new perspective to SLA studies. Second, it reviews China’s recent construction of learner corpus, including the written, spoken and parallel L2 corpora. Third, it reports the national projects on L2 corpus studies and the related findings. Lastly, it identifies the problems in the corpus approach to SLA research and proposes some possible solutions to future studies. From “Whither Transfer” to “Teaching for Transfer”: An Overview of Language Transfer Research from the Perspective of Educational Linguistics 俞理明 上海交通大学外国语学院教授 This paper presents an overview of language transfer research from its early days to the present time, spelling out the theories, empirical studies of and existent problems with current language transfer research at different linguistic levels as well as the emerging research on language transfer. In tracing the course of development of language transfer research over a span of more than half a century, I argue that the real nature of transfer in and its significance to second/foreign language learning can only be properly understood in the context of language education, rather than in the context of purely linguistic research. Strategic Learning in SLA: Reopening the Research Agenda 顾永琪博士 新西兰惠灵顿维多利亚大学高级讲师 Second language acquisition (SLA) is at best haphazard without the learner’s active engagement in the learning process. Over the decades, we have seen applied linguists suggesting the right amount of comprehensible input, opportunities for output, corrective feedback, task-based presentation, and contextual scaffolding in the classroom. This presentation attempts to reassert the central role of strategic learning in the SLA process, review 30 years of research on language learning strategies and learner autonomy, reflect upon the critiques of language learner strategies (LLS) research, and outline a new research agenda that I hope will bring forth theoretical depth, empirical rigor, and practical utility. Critical Period Hypothesis and World Englishes: Implications for ELT in China 刘骏 美国亚利桑那大学教授 Critical Period Hypothesis is not unknown to SLA researchers, but the results of its application as the joint effort of policy makers, school administrators and classroom teachers over the last decade in Asia are less than ideal. In light of the movement of World Englishes where accuracy and standard pronunciation and intonation are no longer considered as a priority for assessing communicative competence, the expected outcome in early English education at the potential cost of L1 literacy development is more questionable. In this plenary, Dr Liu is going to draw implications from research in both SLA and World Englshes, discuss future possibilities of English language teaching in China, and make recommendations to improve the current practice strategically as well as pedagogically. Restorying Foreign Language Education and the Role of English Language Teachers in China 许世静博士 加拿大温莎大学助理教授 English language education needs to restory its context in order to foreground Chinese culture as a framework for Chinese learners to learn, interpret and understand Western cultures. In this way English helps Chinese learners adapt to the globalized world and, more importantly, recover and reconstruct their Chinese identity in the globalized world. A Neurobiological Perspective on the Study of SLA 贾冠杰 苏州大学外国语学院教授 Traditionally, second language acquisition has been studied for about fifty years in the world from various perspectives. SLA mirror has reflected the “blank slate” theory and the behavior back into the “black box” of theoretical mechanisms with little concern for the neurobiological plausibility of those mechanisms. Traditional theories of SLA operate by observing linguistic behavior in experimental and naturalistic settings, and based on patterns in those data, mechanisms are inferred, these inferences are speculations. This paper, based on some recent studies, discusses a relatively neurobiological account of certain aspects of SLA, which is quite different from traditional studies, i.e. on the basis of well-researched neural mechanisms, the researchers try to speculate what language learning behavior could be subserved by these mechanisms. Then some implications of this theory are discussed. 从选择式听力理解训练看外语教育的一种“高分低能”现象 郑超 广东外语外贸大学英文学院教授 麦华美 广东外语外贸大学英文学院硕士研究生 本文探讨外语学习中的一种“高分低能”现象,即不少外语学习者的选择式听力考试成绩并不能反映他们处理目的语口语信息的真实能力。 理论方面,本研究借鉴近年来语言习得领域对输入—输出过程的探索,论述了人为干预性输入—输出与自然的输入—输出的区别。 实证方面,本研究对广东外语外贸大学非英语专业本科三年级的150名学生用雅思类短文听力理解题进行了三种测试:第一种是听文章与看选择题同步的方式,第二种是先听文章后看选择题的方式,第三种方式是听完文章后出示不带选择项的问题,要求受试自己写出答案。 试验结果显示,受试完成第一种和第二种测试的成绩普遍较高,而做第三种测试的成绩显著偏低。通过辅之以定性调查,作者发现这些中级阶段的第二语言学习者已经具备了较强的听力能力,但他们在听力篇章信息输入后,不善于写出自己对信息的贯通分析、判断和态度,从而在以目的语为媒介的交流活动中示人以迟钝、呆滞之相。这种教源性的“低能”现象,其起因就是人为添加了一个自然交际中没有的因素:选择项。教师不要求、不培养学习者进行无选择的自主分析、判断和表达,致使学生短期记忆中储存的外语声音信息要靠选择项来激活,日常交际中常见的输入—输出的自然衔接被课堂教学忽略。 英语专业学生口语能力的现状研究 王海贞 王宇 苏州大学外国语学院副教授 本研究属探索性研究,重点考察英语专业学生的口语能力现状。我们采用英语专业四级口试录音样本,从语言能力、语用能力和策略能力三个方面来分析英语专业学生的口语能力,希望为培养目标、课程设置等教学各方面的改革提供参考,为教育决策者制定英语专业学生的英语能力标准提供依据。 首先我们参考了Canale & Swain(1980)、Bachman(1990) 等人的交际语言能力模式和Fulcher(2003)、文秋芳(1999)以及刘芹(2003)提出的二语口语能力框架,提出中国学习者的英语口语能力由语言能力、语用能力和策略能力三大部分构成,在此理论框架的基础上确定了英语口语能力每一构成要素的量化指标。例如,语言能力包括语法能力和语篇能力两个方面,其中语法能力由语音语调、语法和词汇来体现,用单音素发音的平均错误率来衡量语音语调的准确性,用过去时的错误率来衡量语法的准确性等等。 运用以上量化指标,我们收集了英语专业二年级18名本科生在完成英语专业四级口试时的录音,将录音转写成文本后进行分析。 本研究的主要发现如下: 1.语法能力:学生存在个别单音素发音的错误,如辅音θ/s 和l/n的区分能力较差;在三分钟即席讲话中,过去时的平均错误数为12个,平均错误率为30.11%;T-unit的平均词数为11.34,每个T-unit中平均从句数为1.48;平均语速为每分钟116.59词;词汇的多样性平均数为51.16,较本族语的67.11仍存在较大差距;3级词汇比例为3.1%,平均每人使用3级词汇11.06个,与本族语平均数12.15仍存在差距。 2.语用能力:高分组的学生使用生硬的but一词较少,他们会使用先扬后抑的委婉否定,会使用疑问句或反问句反诘对方以说服对方或自然转换话轮;语气相对弱化;相对而言,低分组的学生使用but的频率高,停顿、犹豫、反复较多,话语内容丰富性差。 3.策略能力:补偿策略多样性不够,较多地使用话语填充词Er, you know, well, you see来赢得思考时间。在四分钟的交谈中人均话轮次数为8.78,平均每话轮长度为31.13。要求澄清和要求肯定的策略能力均较弱。 学术写作中的外在知识资源使用研究 秦晓晴 华中科技大学外国语学院教授 学术写作研究迄今为止已有近50年的历史,早期的学术写作探讨主要基于第一语言和第二语言写作理论。但是人们发现使用一语写作理论和二语写作理论无法有效地解释二语学术写作。 因为大量研究表明,无论在语言水平、学习经历、读者意识,还是在写作过程等方面,二语写作均显著地有别于一语写作。当人们尝试使用线性写作模式(Rohman, 1965)、循环写作模式(Flower等, 1980)、知识表述和转换模式(Bereiter等, 1987)、社会互动模式(Nystrand, 1989)、交际性语言使用写作模式(Grabe等, 1996),以及书面语言产出模式(Chenoweth等, 2001)来解释二语写作时,就显得力所不逮。因此出现了诸如二语写作动态模式(Matsuda, 1997)、二语写作解释模式(Sasaki等, 1996)和二语写作子过程模式(Zimmermann, 2000)等专门的二语写作理论。 这些二语写作理论属于通用英语范畴,而二语学术写作属于专门学术用途英语的领域。如果使用非专门用途英语理论来解释属于专门学术用途英语的学术写作也会出现类似问题。 通用二语写作与专用二语写作虽然有很多共通之处,但它们之间的最大差异在于不同知识的来源。一般的二语写作大量依赖于写作者的内在知识基础,比如语言系统知识、写作过程知识、体裁知识和语境知识,但是学术写作除了需要这些内在知识以外,还需要依赖于话题知识,而话题知识往往超越了写作者的内在知识基础,需要外在知识的补充。 学术写作中无论是研究定位的讨论,还是方法论的思考,抑或是研究发现的意义挖掘都离不开外在知识资源的呈现。因此,外在知识资源在学术写作中发挥着独特的作用。进行学术写作研究不能无视外在知识资源的呈现及呈现方式。 本文主要探讨外在知识资源在学术写作中的作用、来源和呈现方式,中国英语学术写作者在外在知识资源利用方面的倾向性以及存在的问题。 语法、语义和语境对语篇理解的影响 程晓堂 北京师范大学外国语言文学学院教授 语篇理解是一个复杂的认知过程。在阅读语篇时,读者往往需要有意识或无意识地借助自己的语法知识、语篇的语义和语境信息来确定语篇的意义。在实际理解语篇的过程中,语法、语义和语境三方面的影响并不均衡。在理解意义模糊或有缺陷的语篇时,读者更需要借助以上几方面的信息来确定语篇的意义。一般情况下,我们需要同时利用语法、语义和语境信息提供的线索来理解语篇。但在实际阅读过程中,如果读者忽视其中的某些信息或者某些信息先入为主,都可能导致语篇理解出现偏差。 本文以英语学习者对一封电子邮件的不同理解为数据,重点从语法、语义和语境的角度对学习者理解语篇的情况进行分析,旨在探讨英语学习者理解语篇时,语法、语义和语境信息的影响是否存在差异。 结果表明,语法、语义和语境因素均在语篇理解中发挥着重要的作用,语法知识和语义因素是导致受试者误读电子邮件的主要原因。值得注意的是,语境因素虽然在受试者正确理解语篇方面发挥了积极的作用,但同时该因素也是造成一部分受试者错误理解语篇的一个主要原因。 英语学习者心理时间架构在语篇中的映射研究 周保国 武汉大学外国语言文学学院教授 蔡蕾 武汉大学外国语言文学学院硕士研究生 我国中、高级英语学习者在实际语言使用中仍存在各种各样的困难,其中一个突出问题是对英语时态的选择表现出盲目性。这个问题从根本上讲是中国英语学习者的心理时间架构(mental time framing)在向英语语篇的映射过程(mapping process)中对时间视点的选定以及不同时间视点的协调方面出现了问题,由此造成偏离常规的语误。 我们认为,语篇中的意义表达具有线性特征,这种表达必须按照一定的时间架构来展开,并要求话语发出者在语篇表达的不同阶段对时间参照体系加以协调。正是在这个过程中,中国的英语学习者尤其是高级阶段的英语学习者遇到了一些困难。 为了验证这一观点,我们选取了100篇英语学习高级阶段的中国学生某一类型的书面语篇材料和30篇英语母语使用者同一类型的书面语篇材料,重点对比了二者在语篇时态的使用和选择上的异同。数据分析显示,中国的高级英语学习者在语篇中的时态使用与英语母语者存在明显差异。本文对造成这种差异的原因进行了探讨,力求揭示语误现象背后的认知心理机制。 二语习得研究的学科建设: 问题与思考 杨连瑞 中国海洋大学教授 第二语言习得研究属于多学科交叉的研究领域,研究者从社会学、心理学、教育学、语言学等角度研究第二语言习得的心理过程、认知过程和语言过程,具体研究学习者在掌握了母语之后是如何学习另一套新语言体系的。 现在二语习得已经发展成为一门诸多学科交叉的有明确研究对象及一整套独立于普通语言学、一般语言习得理论的完整知识体系和研究方法的独立学科,并迅速发展成为当代应用语言学前沿阵地和相关学科的基础理论研究。 我国的二语习得研究在经历了从开始引进和介绍西方二语习得理论阶段逐步进入到自主研究和创新的发展阶段。此间不但涌现出了大批研究成果,而且研究领域日益拓宽,研究层次深入发展,研究水平不断提高,研究队伍逐渐壮大,显示出国内该学科研究的生机活力和大好局面。 本文就我国现阶段二语习得研究的学科定位、二语习得研究的学科性质、二语习得研究的主要内容、二语习得研究的理论和方法、二语习得研究的成果应用等学科建设中不容回避的关键问题展开讨论,并结合我国目前外语教学实际加强二语习得研究提出一些建设性意见。 |
|
主办
|
中报二十一世纪(北京)传媒科技有限公司版权所有,未经书面授权,禁止转载或建立镜像。 主办单位:中国日报社 Copyright by 21st Century English Education Media All Rights Reserved 版权所有 复制必究 网站信息网络传播视听节目许可证0108263 京ICP备2024066071号-1 京公网安备 11010502033664号 |