Abstract: Teaching students to be effective peer evaluators entails mobilizing students prior to peer evaluation, particularly in terms of the clarification of training objectives and contents, as well as the rationalization of training procedures. This mobilization activity will help elaborate the purposes and significance of peer evaluation by reviewing research findings on the effectiveness of peer evaluation, etc. The teaching of objectives mainly includes that of writing skills and evaluation skills and the training procedures should be conducted step by step from teacher demonstration to group practice. Such teaching enables students to be competent peer evaluators, and to improve their writing skills in the end.
反馈技巧培训主要解决两个基本问题:一是“反馈什么”,二是“怎样反馈”。Moore(1986)认为在指导学生反馈时,应该注意引导学生评价文本“内容”与“结构”。Keh(1990)也强调应对学生进行宏观方面(higher-order concerns)的指导,如文本内容的结构发展、主题等,而不应拘泥于语法与措词。Ferris(1995)、Villamil & DeGuerrero (1998)、Yang(2006)则具体明确了内容、结构、语言(词汇、语法、技术性细节)三个方面。龚晓彬(2006)的“一稿一聚焦”的建议值得借鉴,即先分析内容与结构,二稿、三稿再关注语言问题。“怎样反馈”指的是反馈的形式和方式。反馈的形式有书面和口头之分。二语写作采用同伴反馈的写作教学研究者如Keh(1990)、Stanley(1992)、 Mangelsdorf(1992)、Berg (1999)、 Min (2006)等都提到两种形式兼具,并都采用了书面形式反馈先行、口头形式的讨论随后的方式。
Stanley(1992)认为决定同伴反馈的成功因素在于学生如何把反馈意见和建议恰当地传递给作者。培训的侧重点开始向评价的方式进行转移。为了引起学生对评价方式的足够重视,Stanley(1992)安排学生组对进行角色模拟。在阅读往届学生的作文稿时,一名学生扮演读者和反馈者,另一名模拟作者。反馈结束后,每组成功与不成功的交流范例在全班范围内讨论。Stanley(1992)谈及的成功反馈建议包括“评论越具体、越精短越好”“经过作者与反馈者交流的反馈对写作有更明显的促进作用”,相反模糊的评语如“this is fine”或“this paragraph is boring” 是反馈者对作品不感兴趣的间接体现,并不会对作文的改善具有有意义的影响。Berg(1999)在反馈准备活动中进一步强调评语要优、缺点兼顾,措词要得体并举例说明。例如,“It would be great if you gave an example here”这种使用虚拟语气的句子既显得礼貌得体,又明确表明这仅是反馈者的个人看法,而非必须遵循的“定理”,作者需要自己作出判断。继关注反馈所应注意的表达方式之后,Min(2006)对反馈的思路及步骤提出思考。他的反馈步骤体现了反馈的内在逻辑,共分四步:1.明确作者意图;2.识别问题根源;3.解释问题性质;4.给出具体建议。
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