致经典——《长歌行》
本文作者: 21ST
长歌行
(汉)乐府
青青园中葵,朝露待日晞。
阳春布德泽,万物生光辉。
常恐秋节至,焜黄华叶衰。
百川东到海,何时复西归!
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
A Slow Song
Music Bureau
The mallow in the garden green in hue
Awaits the sun to dry the morning dew.
The radiant spring spreads its nourishing light;
All living things become then fresh and bright.
I dread the coming of the autumn drear
When leaves turn yellow and red flowers sere.
A hundred streams flow eastwards to the sea.
When to return to the west can they be free?
If one does not make good use of his youth,
In vain will he pass his old age in ruth.
《长歌行》是一首咏叹人生的歌。春日清晨,园中葵青青的叶片上滚动着露珠,在朝阳下闪着亮光,像一位充满青春活力的少年。诗人由园中葵的蓬勃生长推而广之,写到整个自然界,阳光、雨露滋润万物,处处生机盎然。这四句表面上是对春天的礼赞,实际是借物比人,对人生的重要阶段──青春的赞歌。春去秋来,园中葵及万物经历春生、夏长,到了秋天,它们昔日奕奕生辉的叶子变得焦黄枯萎,人生也是如此。诗歌由此转入对人生价值的思考,发出“少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲”这一发聋振聩的结论,结束全诗,鼓励青年人要珍惜时光,出言警策、催人奋起。
其实,在翻译此诗时,许渊冲教授曾译过三个版本。
版本一:
A Long Song
Music Bureau
Sunflowers in the garden green in hue ,
Wait for the sun to dry the morning dew.
The radiant spring spreads its nourishing light
And everything becomes then fresh and bright.
I dread the coming of the autumn drear
When leaves turn yellow and red flowers sear.
Hundreds of streams flow eastwards to the sea.
When to return westwards can they be free?
If one does not make the most of his youth.
In vain will he pass his old age in ruth.
其第二个版本把全诗的最后一句做了处理,成为“How can he not when old, regret in troth! ”
有意思的是,在这前两个版本中,首句“青青园中葵,朝露待日晞”中的“葵”,许渊冲教授译为了sun-flower (向日葵),在第三个版本中将其改译为mallow。
事实上,在以往的汉语书籍中,对于“葵”的解释也存在不一致,在李寅生所著的2013年由国家行政出版社出版的《中国古典诗文精品读本(上册)》第94页注解中,“葵”指向日葵,而在蔡德权所编著的由甘肃教育出版社2012年出版的《小学生必背古诗词75首》第2页注解中,“葵”则指冬葵。Mallow一词,在英汉词典中被解释为汉语“锦葵(属)”。锦葵属共约30种,中国有 4 种。“葵”字的英译用mallow的话,只说明其大类,并未精确指出其种类。(冯宏《<长歌行>英译指瑕及重译》)
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