EVIDENCE-Centered Design（ECD） is a research-based methodology for test design.

　　How to Design Tasks

　　— Review prior theory and research.

　　— Articulate the claims you want to make about test takers’ proficiency.

　　— List sources of evidence for each claim.

　　— List real-world tasks in which test takers can provide relevant evidence.

　　— Identify characteristics that would potentially affect task difficulty.

　　— Identify criteria for evaluating performance on the tasks.

　　ECD Proficiency Model: An Example

　　— Formalizes assessment goals, population, and purpose

　　— High-level claims are made: a person can operate an automobile.

　　— Subclaims: the person stops at stop signs; the person obeys speed limits.